Background Recently, there have been a lot of fire accidents caused by lithium-ion batteries, and I think the interest in lithium-ion batteries is increasing. However, there are certain aspects of lithium-ion batteries that are not well known, such as their composition, various safety features, and related terminology, which I have also described.1.What is the capacity retention rate?When secondary batteries such as lithium-ion batteries undergo cycle tests, floating charge tests, preservation tests and other battery evaluation tests, the battery will deteriorate, and its capacity will gradually decrease from the initial capacity [mAh or Ah]. The capacity retention rate is the ratio of the capacity at a point [mAh,Ah] to the initial capacity [mAh,Ah]×100, expressed as a percentage. 2.cycle test capacity retention rateAn example of the capacity retention rate of a lithium-ion battery during cycle testing is shown below. In simple terms, the cycle test is to evaluate the deterioration of the battery during repeated charging and discharging, and one of the evaluation items of the cycle test is the capacity retention rate. A battery that can maintain a high capacity retention rate even after multiple cycles is a good battery. The capacity retention rate of the battery depends not only on the number of cycles, but also on the charge and discharge rate during the cycle, the ambient temperature, etc.The reduction in the number of known cycle tests and the capacity maintenance rate can be obtained by the degradation coefficient Kc in the cycle test and the degradation coefficient Kf in the float test. Reduction of capacity maintenance rate = degradation coefficient Kc× number of root cycle tests + degradation coefficient Kf× route passage time. Here, the degradation coefficient Kc in the cycle test is strongly related to the DOD(depth of discharge) of the battery.In other words, the greater the DOD in the cyclic test, the greater the expansion and contraction of the active material due to charge and discharge, which tends to increase the contact resistance between the active materials and between the electrode foil and the active material. In addition, it should be noted that when conducting a cycle test, if the amount of electrolyte in the battery is too small, there will be a phenomenon called drying (liquid depletion), which is not good for the battery.

Basquevolt makes breakthrough in solid-state battery technology with successful production of 20Ah battery and plans for 80Ah batteries by end of year    Recently, Spanish solid state battery developer Basquevolt announced that the company's "A sample line" in Spain has successfully produced the first 20Ah battery, and is expected to be able to manufacture 80Ah batteries by the end of this year. Revolutionizing the Battery Industry: A Look at the State-of-the-Art Plant Producing High-Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles    It is reported that the construction of the plant began in the summer of 2023, covering an area of 4,500 square meters, the plant has a process process that meets current lithium-ion battery industry standards, including the manufacture of patented electrolytes. The plant is now operational and equipped with state-of-the-art machinery for manufacturing batteries, enabling it to produce the first 20Ah batteries, with the first samples to be delivered to potential customers in the coming months. The company plans to expand the production process to 80Ah batteries in a few months, which means getting cells with enough energy density to make battery packs for electric vehicles.The Future of Electric Vehicles: Solid-State Batteries Leading the Way    Compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries (liquid), the technology developed by Basquevolt is already considered the "battery technology of the future" because solid-state batteries will allow the emergence of a "new generation of batteries" : with higher energy density (up to 50%), safer (non-flammable) and lower cost (approximately 30% less). "Our company's goal is to drive the true adoption of electric vehicles with 'Made in Europe' technology. The cost of electric vehicles is much higher than that of traditional internal combustion engine vehicles, and it is not enough to establish a regulatory framework to ban fuel vehicles, it must be made available to the billions of people who cannot currently afford electric vehicles, "said Francisco Carranza, CEO of Basquevolt.   Basquevolt: Leading the Charge in Solid-State Battery Technology in Europe    Basquevolt is a company focused on the development of solid-state battery technology, aiming to become the European leader in the next generation of solid-state lithium battery technology, based on the CIC energiGUNE patented composite electrolyte. In addition to producing 20Ah batteries, Basquevolt also plans to produce solid-state batteries at its 1GWh plant in Victoria-Gasteitz by the end of 2025, with the goal of reaching 10GWh production by 2027. The goal is supported by the founding shareholders of the Basque government, Iberdrola, CIE Automotive, Enagas, EIT InnoEnergy and CIC energiGUNE. 

Enhancing Lithium-Ion Battery Technology: Strategies for Improving Energy Density and PerformanceWith the increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries, high energy density and high power density lithium-ion battery technology has become one of the research hotspots. Increasing electrode thickness, material modification and development of new materials can effectively improve the energy density of the battery, while the electrode microstructure parameters such as porosity, pore size and distribution, and curvature of the electrode are the key factors determining the performance of the electrode and the battery.Analyzing Pore Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Porous Electrodes: Methods and SignificanceFrom the current research of lithium-ion porous electrodes, it can be found that the actual porous electrode pores are affected by the accumulation effect and filling effect of particles, and the pore size and distribution are not uniform, and the zigzag degree is difficult to characterize. In order to characterize the pore characteristics of porous electrodes, researchers have devoted themselves to the development of efficient and fast methods for measuring the zigzag degree, such as the gas transmission resistance measurement method , the heat exchange method for hydrodynamic simulation of porous electrodes, the FIB-SEM reconstruction of 3D electrode structure measurement method, and the symmetric battery electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test method. Among them, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is easy to operate, and the test time is short. Because the electron transmission resistance of lithium-ion porous electrodes is usually small, the true curvature of porous electrodes can be obtained by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In addition, the measurement method of symmetrical battery electrochemical impedance spectroscopy can also be used to analyze the electrolyte wettability and the membrane curvature of the electrode plate, and has a certain guiding significance for the judgment of the production line electrolyte wettability time.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to measure symmetrical cells assembled with negative electrode plates of different compaction. The ion resistance of each pole piece was obtained by fitting the EIS spectrum, and then the ion resistance value was substituted into the formula to obtain the McMullin number of the pole piece, as shown in Figure 5. It can be seen from the trend of the data that the ion resistance and McMullin number increase with the increase of the compaction density of the electrode sheet, indicating that the curvature of the graphite negative electrode sheet increases with the increase of the compaction.Effect of Compaction Density on Electrolyte Performance and Ion Transmission in Lithium-ion BatteriesWith the increase of compaction density, the contact between graphite particles and conductive particles is more dense, the performance of the absorbing electrolyte deteriorates, and the electrolyte is difficult to infiltrate, making the migration of lithium ions more difficult, increasing the ion transmission impedance, resulting in an increase in the curvature of the pole sheet.The Impact of Electrode Compaction Density on Battery PerformanceGenerally speaking, within the compaction range allowed by the material, the greater the electrode compaction density and the more active material contained per unit volume, the higher the capacity of the battery can be done. However, when the compaction of the pole plate is too high, the porosity is reduced, the greater the zigzag degree, the longer the lithium ion transmission path, which will seriously reduce the magnification performance and cycle performance of the battery. Especially for thick electrodes, low curvature is one of the key factors in the design of electrode structure. Therefore, compaction density is very important for battery design. We can preliminatively characterize the magnification performance of the pole sheet in the battery by testing the curvature of the pole sheet, so as to determine the appropriate design scheme of the pole sheet.

Background:During the charging and discharging process of lithium-ion batteries, electrode material expansion, SEI growth, thermal expansion and gas production may cause battery expansion, resulting in volume changes. Battery expansion is considered to be one of the key indicators to assess battery capacity and structural decline, and is also an early warning of serious safety incidents such as burning and explosion during battery abuse. There are mature methods to characterize the expansion behavior of square and soft pack batteries, but there is no mature and stable expansion characterization method for cylindrical batteries due to the particularity of their structure. At present, there are some methods to characterize the expansion of cylindrical batteries, such as vernier calipers, coordinate testing instrument, pressure film, strain gauge, image analysis method (CT tomography, neutron imaging, X-ray, ultrasonic, etc.), but these methods have low accuracy, can not be in-situ testing and other problems, unable to accurately and completely describe the expansion behavior of cylindrical batteries.In view of the shortcomings of the above test methods, some institutions developed a CCS1300-4 cylindrical battery in-situ expansion test system based on optical battery imaging technology for in-situ expansion characterization of cylindrical batteries. This method can measure the volume change of cylindrical batteries in situ, reconstruct the surface morphology and calculate the expansion amount in real time, and the optical detection accuracy can reach ±1μm. In this paper, two 21700 cylindrical batteries with different negative silicon content were tested using CCS1300-4 cylindrical battery in situ expansion test system to characterize the expansion behavior of the two cells during formation and charging and discharging, analyze the influence of different silicon content on the expansion behavior of the cells, and guide the application of silicon negative electrode and the design of cylindrical batteries.1.1 Experimental equipmentIn this paper, 21700 cylindrical battery expansion was characterized by CCS1300-4 cylindrical battery in situ expansion test system, which includes 4-channel test fixture and special test software. In situ dilatation test of 4 cylindrical batteries can be carried out simultaneously with charge and discharge instrument.1.2 Test PrincipleThe optically based battery volume imaging technology is used to conduct real-time three-dimensional reconstruction of the surface topography during the charging and discharging process of the battery, and calculate the volume and volume change during the charging and discharging process.1.3 Test MethodRemove the outer plastic film of the 21700 cylindrical battery, install it on the fixture of the equipment, open the software, and set the charge and discharge channel, sampling Angle, upper limit of alarm temperature and upper limit of alarm volume. The program starts, the battery rotates and performs a volume test, and the software automatically synchronizes the charge and discharge data with the volume test data.1.4 ConclusionIn this paper, the expansion behavior of two 21700 cylindrical batteries with different silicon content in the negative electrode was tested by using CCS1300-4 cylindrical battery in situ expansion test system. It is found that the content of silica has a significant effect on the volume expansion of the cylindrical battery, and the volume expansion of the battery itself has a large non-uniformity. Through the analysis of volume expansion data and surface topography dynamic change map, it can provide data support for the application of silicon anode materials and the structure design of cylindrical batteries, and help the development and quality control of lithium-ion batteries.

AbstractThere are many factors that affect the safety of lithium-ion power batteries. Among them, the battery safety problems caused by the cracking of the positive electrode plate are easy to produce burrs, abnormal protrections and fractures in the subsequent electrode assembly process, which have attracted much attention in recent years. In this paper, through the experiment of mixing design, the ratio of auxiliary materials in the anode material is optimized to reduce the roll elongation of the electrode sheet. At the same time, adjusting the thickness of the ceramic layer can effectively control the difference of the elongation of the active material coating area and the ceramic layer electrode sheet in the rolling process, reduce the arc rate of the electrode sheet after paving, and explore an effective method to solve the crack of the pole ear during the preparation of the positive electrode sheet of the power battery.1.1 Experimental process1.1.1 Specific experimental methodsThe solid content of ternary NCM811 is set at 95%, and the total solid content of PVDF, SP and KS6 is 5%. The content of solvent NMP in the slurry is fixed at 30%. The verification ratios of PVDF, SP and KS6 were 1%-2%, 1%-2% and 1.2% -2.4%, respectively. PVDF, SP, KS6 ratio optimization method using Minitab software, mix optimization design (DOE), simplex design diagram, extreme vertex design and center point strengthening scheme, 7 groups of experiments. 1.1.2 Slurry preparation of electrode sheetThe specific process is as follows: First, PVDF is dissolved in NMP solvent, PVDF solution with 7% solid content is formed in the agitator, and transferred to the stainless steel bucket for storage; Subsequently, SP, KS6 and NMP were pre-stirred in a blender for 30min; Then add the prepared PVDF solution and stir for 30min; Finally, the NCM811 is divided into two times according to weight and added to the stainless steel drum, each stirring time is 20min; In the above stirring process, the parameters of the agitator are set as the revolution speed of 25 revolutions /min and the rotation speed of 800 revolutions /min, and the total mixing time is 240min.2.1 Conclusion:In this paper, the elongation of the polar plate can be reduced by optimizing the content ratio of PVDF, SP and KS6 under the condition of obtaining the same compaction density. At the same time, the elongation after rolling can be controlled by controlling the thickness of the ceramic layer before rolling and the thickness after cold pressing (the best ratio is 120%±9%). Both effects can effectively reduce the arc rate of the positive electrode sheet after paving, and can solve the problem of the root of the pole ear cracking during the preparation of the positive electrode sheet of the power battery.

Liquid lithium batteries have become the mainstream of the industry, but there are still some problems in the application side that need to be solved. Whittingham first proposed and began research on lithium-ion batteries in the 1970s, and then in the 1990s, SONY invented a commercial liquid lithium battery. At present, liquid lithium batteries have become the mainstream of the industry with their advantages of high energy density, fast charging speed, long life and no pollution. However, at the same time, there are still some problems restricting the future development and application of liquid batteries.1) Safety issues: The electrolyte and diaphragm in the liquid lithium battery structure may cause safety issues. The problem of lithium dendrites: lithium ions are removed between positive and negative electrodes to achieve the charge and discharge of lithium batteries. However, when there are some abnormal conditions that make lithium ions cannot be normally removed, lithium dendrites may be formed. The accumulation of lithium dendrites to a certain extent may puncture the battery diaphragm, short-circuit the positive and negative electrodes, and then cause fire and other safety problems. Electrolyte problem: liquid lithium battery electrolyte commonly used lithium salt dissolved in volatile, combustible organic solvents, the safe operating temperature is generally lower than 80 ° C, so when the battery temperature is too high, combustion and explosion may occur. Problems with diaphragms: The ordinary diaphragms used in batteries have low thermal conductivity, which can reduce the rate of heat dissipation in lithium-ion batteries.2) Energy density problem: the current energy density ceiling of liquid lithium batteries is 300Wh/kg, and solid lithium batteries can reach a higher energy density by updating the material system, which can reach 700Wh/kg or more. In recent years, solid-state battery technology has rapidly improved and is expected to become a new generation of lithium battery technology. As early as 1830s, Faraday first discovered the remarkable conduction properties of heated solid silver sulfide and PbF2. Then in the 1960s, the solid electrolyte ushered in a turning point in development, and began to try to add the solid electrolyte to the battery. Subsequently, POE, sodium superionic conductor, hydride, LiPON, sulfide, antiperovskite and other solid electrolyte systems appeared successively. Along with the development of LiPON, the first thin-film battery was introduced in the 1990s. After entering the 21st century, the related research of solid electrolyte has been further developed. With the advantages of structural design and physical characteristics, solid-state batteries can naturally avoid the safety and energy density problems of liquid lithium batteries. Therefore, solid-state batteries have developed rapidly in recent years and are expected to become the next generation of lithium battery technolog Revolutionizing Energy Storage: The Rise of Solid-State BatteriesSolid-state batteries use solid-state electrolytes to replace the electrolyte and diaphragm in liquid lithium batteries. Solid-state batteries are a new technology that uses solid-state electrolytes to replace the electrolyte and diaphragm in liquid lithium batteries. The main material of the traditional liquid battery is the positive electrode, the negative electrode, the diaphragm and the electrolyte. In the process of charging and discharging, the electrolyte supplies some active lithium ions as conductive ions on the one hand, and provides ion channels so that lithium ions can move freely. The role of the diaphragm is mainly to make the normal passage of electrolyte ions, and to avoid internal short circuit caused by positive and negative electrode contact. In solid state batteries, because the physical form of solid state electrolysis can naturally isolate the positive and negative electrodes, the main material in solid state batteries is positive, negative and solid electrolyte, and the diaphragm is not necessary.Challenges and Potential of Solid-State Batteries: Enhancing Safety and Energy Density.Solid-state batteries can overcome the shortcomings of lithium-liquid batteries and achieve further breakthroughs in safety and energy density. In terms of safety, solid state batteries use non-combustible solid electrolyte, with no corrosion, no volatilization, no leakage, can inhibit the formation of lithium dendrites, natural isolation of positive and negative poles, and so on, with high safety. In terms of energy density, solid-state batteries can use materials such as lithium metal as a negative electrode instead of graphite, thereby increasing the energy density of the battery. However, solid-state batteries still face problems in material performance and cost, and the current large-scale industrialization is still facing certain challenges. The electrolyte material makes fast-charging weaker than liquid batteries. Compared with liquid batteries, solid-state batteries use solid electrolytes, so the ionic conductivity is relatively low, which makes the fast charging ability weaker than liquid batteries. Poor interface contact between solid electrolyte and electrode. In a liquid battery, the contact between the liquid electrolyte and the electrode is good, but in a solid battery, there may be a gap between the solid electrolyte and the electrode, and the solid-solid contact interface leads to poor stability. Solid-state batteries are expensive. According to the analysis of South Korean market research institution SNE, the high cost of solid-state batteries is mainly affected by two factors, one is the high cost of raw materials, including the high cost of lithium sulfur compounds; Second, the manufacturing cost is high, which is due to the high requirements of solid state battery production on raw material purity and synthetic environment, making the manufacturing cost higher.Key Differences Between All-Solid-State, Semi-Solid-State, and Liquid BatteriesThe all-solid-state battery differs greatly from the existing liquid battery system, while the semi-solid-state battery differs little from the liquid battery system. A semi-solid battery is a lithium battery that contains both solid and liquid electrolytes. In contrast, in addition to electrolytes, the main difference between liquid batteries and solid batteries is reflected in the negative electrode of the liquid battery graphite or silicon carbon, while the negative electrode of the solid battery is metal lithium. However, there is little difference between the semi-solid battery and the existing liquid battery system, some materials can be common with liquid batteries, including the need for diaphragms, etc., and the manufacturing process is also mostly overlapping.Evolution of Battery Technology: From Liquid to Solid State There are still difficulties in the current mass production of all-solid-state batteries, and semi-solid-state batteries may become transition products. At present, due to the mass production of all-solid-state batteries is still facing a series of problems, so the development and penetration of solid-state battery technology in the future will take some time. The semi-solid battery due to the small changes in the material system of the battery, the manufacturing process and technology can also follow the technical route of the liquid battery, so it may become a transition product from the liquid battery to the all-solid battery in the short term. It is expected that the technology of lithium batteries in the future will follow the development path of liquid lithium-ion batteries - semi-solid batteries - all-solid batteries. It is expected that the technological iteration path of solid-state batteries is electrolyte-negative-positive. From the perspective of research and development, solid-state batteries have three stages, the first generation is to replace the traditional electrolyte and diaphragm with solid electrolyte; The second generation uses lithium metal as a negative electrode material to increase the energy density; The third generation is based on the second generation, and further replaces the positive electrode material with a higher energy density material to further improve the energy density of the battery. Solid state batteries gradually increase energy density through battery material scheme iteration. Taking Solid power's product iteration route as an example, its first solid-state battery product uses "electrolyte + silicon anode +NCM811", the energy density can reach 390Wh/kg, and the cycle life can reach more than 1000 times; Its second product iterates the negative electrode technology, using "electrolysis + lithium metal negative electrode +NCM811", the energy density can reach 440Wh/kg; The third product is based on the second product to develop the next generation of positive electrode materials, using "electrolyte + lithium metal negative + next generation positive electrode", the energy density can be further increased to 560Wh/kg.

Unlocking the Potential of Solid-State Batteries: A Revolutionary Energy Storage SolutionHigh energy density of more than 300Wh/kg or even 500Wh/kg, solid-state batteries can be described as "hanging" traditional liquid lithium batteries. "There is no increase in energy density from a liquid to a solid electrolyte." Industry insiders pointed out that the solid-state battery system provides higher safety redundancy and better phase for new positive and negative materials, and higher capacity negative or positive materials can be used.As a silicon-based negative electrode material with a theoretical specific capacity of more than 10 times that of graphite, it has now almost become the standard for solid/semi-solid batteries, and is paired with high energy positive electrode materials, making the battery energy density easily break through 300Wh/kg.Maximizing Performance with Silicon Anode Material: The Next Generation of BatteriesIn terms of performance, silicon is indeed an ideal anode material for the next generation. Silicon has an ultra-high theoretical specific capacity of up to 4200mAh/g, more than 10 times higher than the capacity of traditional graphite materials (372mAh/g). Moreover, the silicon base has a lower delithium potential, and because its voltage platform is higher than that of graphite, it is more difficult to cause surface lithium ion precipitation during charging, and the comprehensive safety performance of the battery is better.Overcoming the Bottleneck: Reducing Silicon Expansion for Improved Battery PerformanceIt is worth noting that for a long time, silicon-based materials have not achieved large-scale mass production because of the shortcomings of cyclic expansion. "It's a bottleneck. Because once the silicon expands during the charging and discharging process, it will inevitably lead to the damage of the material structure, and the rapid decay of the cycle will cause the battery to be unable to use." Industry insiders point out. Therefore, a technical core of silicon-based materials is how to make silicon smaller, so as to reduce its expansion during the process of lithium removal.

Background :As a material binder (commonly mixed with something called a binder) for making electrodes for lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries. The reason adhesives are used as electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries is to bond the slurry to the fluid collector foil and to prevent the electrode material from peeling off the fluid collector foil after drying (to increase peel strength).In addition, there is now a strong trend towards the use of substances that can reduce environmental impact, from so-called solvent-based electrodes using organic solvents NMP and PVDF as binders, to the trend of using water and binders as solvents for pastes using water-based electrodes using certain rubber-based or acrylic based materials. Here, I will explain what is SBR (styrene butadiene rubber), which is the representative water-based adhesive.The Definination of SBR:SBR is an abbreviation of the scientific name styrene butadiene rubber. SBR is a versatile rubber that accounts for about 80% of synthetic rubber production. The physical properties of SBR include the following, but basically it is a material with an excellent balance between strength, chemical resistance, etc. In many cases, it is used as a water-based adhesive for lithium-ion batteries.The general physical characteristics of SBR:SBR Features (Advantages)(1) High strength, elasticity, wear resistance, heat resistance, acid resistance, alkali resistance, insulation;(2) The proportion of impurities in the manufacturing process is low and the purity is high;(3) easy to vulcanize;(4) Price stability.SBR Features (Disadvantages)(1) The tolerance to gas phosphorus and other oils, benzene, toluene and other organic solvents, organic acids is relatively low. However, when used as an electrode for lithium-ion batteries, the material is strongly compressed after formation, so it is unlikely to react with organic solvents as electrolytes, so there is no particular problem. The specific use of SBR in lithium-ion batteriesSBR (Styrene-butadiene rubber) is used as a representative water-based adhesive in lithium-ion batteries. In water-based electrodes, when SBR is used as a binder, CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) is basically used as a thickener. Taking the positive electrode as an example, the composition of the water electrode is mainly active substances: conductive additives: binders: thickeners (CMC), and the solid content ratio is 80~90% : 0~10% : 0~10% : 0~ 0~ usually accounts for about 10%.If it is a negative electrode, the composition of the water-based electrode is mainly the active substance: binder: thickener (CMC), and the solid content ratio is 80~90% : 0~10% : 0~10%. The basic manufacturing process for electrodes using water-based adhesives (SBR) is as follows:Solvent-based systems primarily use PVdF as a binder and NMP as a viscosity regulator (diluent), while water-based systems, as the name suggests, use water and CMC (carboxylic acid) as a viscosity regulator. Each battery manufacturer optimizes the electrode material composition, mixing procedure, mixing time, coating conditions, etc., but in most cases the process flow is basically as follows.

Enhancing Battery Performance through Ethanol-Induced Phase Inversion StrategyRecently, The team of Prof. Fokko M. Mulder of Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands published A paper entitled "A phase inversion strategy for low-tortuosity and Low-Tortuosity" in Cell Reports Physical Science ultrahigh-mass-loading nickel-rich layered oxide electrodes ". This paper reports a strategy of phase conversion induced by ethanol, which is an effective method for the preparation of high quality supported nickel-rich layered oxide (LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 [NMC811]) electrodes. The ethanol-induced phase change electrode is obviously superior to the conventional NMC cells at 1 C discharge. The non-solvent-induced binder structure improves pore connectivity, reduces the bending coefficient, and rapid solvent removal reduces adhesive migration during drying, enabling ultra-high active mass loads of up to 60 mg/cm2 (12 mAh/cm2). In addition, the high compatibility of this phase conversion process with the roll-to-roll coating devices currently used in industry makes it highly industrial feasible, which has important implications for the development of high energy density batteries. EPI Technology: A Game-Changing Strategy for High-Performance ElectrodesThis work develops a new strategy based on EPI technology for manufacturing high-performance nickel-rich layered oxide electrodes with high-quality loads. Using EPI technology, NMCC811 electrodes with a high active mass load (35 mg/cm2) were designed to perform better than conventional NMC811 electrodes during fast charging, with an improvement of 50% at 0.5C and 120% at 1C. Unlike conventional electrodes, EPI electrodes can be made into ultra-thick electrodes (60 mg/cm2, 12 mAh/cm2) without delamination or cracking problems. The EPI electrode showed a higher weight capacity and a similar capacity retention rate over long cycles than conventional electrodes, indicating that the processing does not affect the positive active material and can significantly improve magnification performance. Most importantly, the introduction of EPI technology only requires the addition of a phase conversion treatment step to the conventional battery manufacturing process, in line with existing industrial production lines, which provides an important technical basis for the preparation of future batteries with high energy and power density.